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Restoration of the Mesopotamian Marshlands
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[Photo]: Marshlands in their original condition.


 

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Bibliography - Hydrology

Photo Gallery | Satellite Images & Maps | Reports | Bibliography
Marsh Dwellers | Marshland Information | Media Coverage | General Reading

 

1.Iraq. in Iraq, Aquastat, Editor.

2.Near East Region Water managed areas and irrigation.

3.Near East Region Water Resources.

4.Summary Tables of the Near East Regions. Aquastat, Editor.

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6.1991. The effect of the Gulf crisis on the children of Iraq. The Harvard Study Team. N Engl J Med, 325(13): p. 977-80.

7.1994. A Citizen's Guide to Wetland Restoration: Approaches to Restoring Vegetation Communities and Wildlife Habitat Structure in Freshwater Wetland Systems. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 10.

8.2002. Resolution VIII.1: Guidelines for the allocation and management of water for maintaining the ecological functions of wetlands. in Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Ramsar, Iran.

9.2002. Resolution VIII.34: Agriculture, wetlands and water resource management. in Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Ramsar, Iran.

10.    2002. Resolution VIII.37: International cooperation on conservation of migratory waterbirds and their habitats in the Asia-Pacific region. in Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Ramsar, Iran.

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11. 2002. Resolution VIII.38: Waterbird population estimates and the identification and designation of Wetlands of International Importance. in Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Ramsar, Iran.

12. 2002. Wetlands: water, life, and culture.

13. Abaychi, J. and H.T. Alsaad. 1988. Trace-Elements in Fish from the Arabian Gulf and the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 40(2): p. 226-232.

14. Abaychi, J. and H.T. Al-Saad. 1988. Trace elements in fish from the Arabian Gulf and the Shatt al-Arab River, Iraq. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 40(2): p. 226-32.

15. Abaychi, J.K. and A.A.Z. Douabul. 1985. Trace-Metals in Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Water Research, 19(4): p. 457-462.

16. Abaychi, J.K. and Y.Z. Mustafa. 1988. The Asiatic Clam, Corbicula-Fluminea - an Indicator of Trace-Metal Pollution in the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Environmental Pollution, 54(2): p. 109-122.

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21. Agami, M., M. Litav, and Y. Waisel. 1976. The effects of various components of water pollution on the behavior of some aquatic macrophytes of the coastal rivers of Israel. Aquatic Botany, 2: p. 203-213.

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23. Ahmed, H. 1987. Effect of ppm levels of Copp3er, Cadmium & Vanadium on the survival of Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard. Nat. Hist. Museum, 3(7).

24. Ahmed, H. 1987. A simple method for determination of Magnesium, Zinc, Copper, Sodium, Potassium and Calcium in the blood serum of patients with myocardial infarction by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. in 2nd International Conference on Elements in Health and Disease. Karachi, Pakistan.

25. Ahmed, H. 1988. Serum, Copper, Magnesium, Zinc, Calcium & Potassium following acute myocardial infraction. Angiology, 39(5).

26. Ahmed, H. 1989. Neuroendocrine controle of water content and calcium concentration in the Crab, Sesarma boulendgeri, Calman. Marina Mesopotamica, 4(1): p. 107-115.

27. Ailstock, M.S., C.M. Norman, and P.J. Bushmann. 2001. Common reed Phragmites australis: Control and effects upon biodiversity in freshwater nontidal wetlands. Restoration Ecology, (91): p. 49-59.

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29. Aldova, E. 1987. Sterotyping of Plesiomonas shigelloides strains with our own antigenic scheme. An attempted epidemiological study. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A], 265(1-2): p. 253-62.

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31. Al-Ghazali, M.R. and S.K. Al-Azawi. 1986. Detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes in a sewage treatment plant in Iraq. J Appl Bacteriol, 60(3): p. 251-4.

32 al-Ghazali, M.R. and S.K. al-Azawi. 1988. Effects of sewage treatment on the removal of Listeria monocytogenes. J Appl Bacteriol, 65(3): p. 203-8.

33 al-Ghazali, M.R. and S.K. al-Azawi. 1988. Storage effects of sewage sludge cake on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes. J Appl Bacteriol, 65(3): p. 209-13.

34. Alhassan, L.A.J. 1990. Phosphoglucomutase, Superoxide-Dismutase and Glucose-6-Phosphate-Dehydrogenase in Fish Collected from Iraq and Kuwait - a Comparative-Study. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 97(3): p. 461-465.

35. Ali, M.H., S.D. Salman, and A.H.Y. Al-Adhub. 2000. Oxygen consumption of the freshwater crab Elamenopsis kempi (Chopra and Das, 1930) from the Garmat-Ali river, Iraq. Scientia Marina, 64(3): p. 311-317.

36. Al-Jebouri, M.M. 1985. A note on antibiotic resistance in the bacterial flora of raw sewage and sewage-polluted River Tigris in Mosul, Iraq. J Appl Bacteriol, 58(4): p. 401-6.

37. Al-Jebouri, M.M. and N.S. Al-Meshhadani. 1985. A note on antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in adult man, raw sewage and sewage-polluted River Tigris in Mosul, Nineva. J Appl Bacteriol, 59(6): p. 513-8.

38. Al-Khashab, W.H. 1958. The Water Budget of the Tigris and Euphrates Basin. in Department of Geography, Research Paper no. 54. University of Chicago: Chicago, Illinois.

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40. Al-Mayah, A.R. 1978. Common water and marsh angiosperms of southern Iraq. J. Bang. Acad. Sci. p. 47-54.

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41. Almudaffar, N., I.N.O. Fawzi, and T. Aledanee. 1990. Hydrocarbons in Surface Sediments and Bivalves from Shatt-Al-Arab and Its Rivers, Southern Iraq. Oil & Chemical Pollution, 7(1): p. 17-28.

42. Al-Muzaini, S., et al. 1999. The quality of marine water around a sewage outfall. Water Science and Technology, 40(7): p. 11-15.

43. Al-Omar, M.A., N.H. Al-Ogaily, and D.A. Shebil. 1986. Residues of organochlorine insecticides in fish from polluted water. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 36(1): p. 109-13.

44. Al-Robaae, K. 1998. The status of the Marbled Teal in Iraq. Bull Threatened Waterfowl Specialist Group, 1998(11): p. 31-32.

45. Alsaad, H.T. and A.A. Altimari. 1993. Sources of Hydrocarbons and Fatty-Acids in Sediment from Hor-Al-Hammar Marsh, Shatt-Al-Arab, and North-West Arabian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 26(10): p. 559-564.

46. Al-Saad, H.T. and A.A. Al-Timari. 1989. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) in marsh sediments, Iraq. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 43(6): p. 864-9.

47. Al-Saad, H.T., S.M. Shamshoom, and J.K. Abaychi. 1998. Seasonal distribution of dissolved and particulate hydrocarbons in Shatt Al-Arab estuary and the North-West Arabian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36(10): p. 850-855.

48. AlSaadi, H.A., A.A. AlLami, and T.I. Kassim. 1996. Algal ecology and composition in the Garmat ali river, Iraq. Regulated Rivers-Research & Management, 12(1): p. 27-38.

49 Alsaadi, H.A., et al. 1989. On the Influence of the Sewage Drainage from Basrah City on the Phytoplankton and Related Nutrients in the Shatt Al-Arab Estuary, Iraq. Archiv Fur Hydrobiologie, 114(3): p. 443-452.

50. Alsaadi, H.A., H. Pankow, and M.F. Huq. 1979. Algological Investigations in the Polluted Ashar Canal and Shatt Al-Arab in Basrah (Iraq). Internationale Revue Der Gesamten Hydrobiologie, 64(4): p. 527-540.

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51. al-Samawi, A.A. 2000. The use of reed plants for wastewater treatment: the Iraq experience. Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg, 105: p. 311-7.

52. AlSulaimi, J., et al. 1996. Impact of irrigation on brackish ground water lenses in northern Kuwait. Agricultural Water Management, 31(1-2): p. 75-90.

53. Alvarez-Cobelas, M., S. Cirujano, and S. Sanchez-Carrillo. 2001. Hydrological and botanical man-made charges in the Spanish wetland of Las Tablas de Daimiel. Biological Conservation, 97(1): p. 89-98.

54. Al-Zamel, Z. and O.H. Cherif. 1998. Subtidal foraminiferal assemblages of the western part of the Shatt Al-Arab Delta, Kuwait, Arabian Gulf. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 28(4): p. 327-344.

55. Anderson, J.L. 2001. Water wars: Even sworn enemies can learn to share their precious rivers. In New Scientist: London. p. 3.

56. Anstey, S. 1989. The status and conservation of the White-headed Duck, Oxyura leucocephala. Slimbridge, U. K.: IWRB.

57. Antoine, S.E. and H.A. Alsaadi. 1982. Limnological Studies on the Polluted Ashar Canal and Shatt Al-Arab River at Basrah (Iraq). Internationale Revue Der Gesamten Hydrobiologie, 67(3): p. 405-418.

58. Araus, J.L., et al. 1999. Crop water availability in early agriculture: evidence from carbon isotope discrimination of seeds from a tenth millennium BP site on the Euphrates. Global Change Biology, 5(2): p. 201-212.

59. Armstrong, J. and W. Armstrong. 1996. Phragmites die-back: toxic effects of propionic butyric and caproic acids in relation to pH. New Phytologist, 134(4): p. 601-614.

60. Ayers, R.S. and D.W. Westcot. 1989. Water Quality for Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome.

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61. Bachand, P.A.M. 1996. Effects of managing vegetative species, hydraulic residence time, wetland age and water depth on removing nitrate from nitrified wastewater in constructed wetland macrocosms in the Padro Basin, Riverside County, California. in Univ. Microfilms. University of California, Berkeley: Ann Arbor, Mich.

62. Baltzer, F. and B.H. Pruser. 1990. Modern alluvial fan and deltaic sedimentation in a foreland tectonic setting: the lower Mesopotamian Plain and the Arabian Gulf. Sedimentary Geology, 67: p. 175-297.

63. Banister, K.E. and M.A. Clarke. 1977. The Freshwater fishes of the Arabian Peninsula. Journal of Oman Studies, Special Report, 1: p. 111-154, 1 map.

64. Basaham, A.S. and M.A. El-Sayed. 1998. Distribution and phase association of some major and trace elements in the Arabian Gulf sediments. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 46(2): p. 185-194.

65. Bernstein, L., M. Fireman, and R.C. Reeve. 1955. Control of Salinity in the Imperial Valley, California. GPO: Washington, D. C.

66. Bernstein, L. and L.E. Francois. 1973. Leaching Requirement Studies: Sensitivity of Alfalfa to Salinity of Irrigation and Drainage Waters. in Proceedings of the Soil Society of America.

67. Blaber, S.J.M., et al. 1999. The life history of the protandrous tropical shad Tenualosa macrura (Alosinae : Clupeidae): Fishery implications. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 49(5): p. 689-701.

68. Blake, G.S. and M.J. Goldschmidt. 1947. Geology and water resources of Palestine. Jerusalem.

69. Brady, M.M., Mehdi, M. S., Khawar, J. M. 1980. Water resources of Iraq. In: Johl, S. S. (ed.) ed. Irrigation and agricultural development. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

70. Brown, A.C. and A. McLachlan. 2002. Sandy shore ecosystems and the threats facing them: some predictions for the year 2025. Environmental Conservation, 29(1): p. 62-77.

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71. Bruijning, C.F. 1967. [The epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 111(46): p. 2078-84.

72. BuOlayan, A.H. and M.N.V. Subrahmanyam. 1996. Trace metals in fish from the Kuwait coast using the microwave acid digestion technique. Environment International, 22(6): p. 753-758.

73. Bu-Olayan, A.H. and M.N.V. Subrahmanyam. 1998. Trace metal concentrations in the crab Macrophthalmus depressus and sediments on the Kuwait coast. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 53(2): p. 297-304.

74. Burton, N.H.K., et al. 2002. Impacts of man-made landscape features on numbers of estuarine waterbirds at low tide. Environmental Management, 30(6): p. 857-864.

75. Carney, K.M. and W.J. Sydeman. 1999. A review of human disturbance effects on nesting colonial waterbirds. Waterbirds, 22(1): p. 68-79.

76. Carp, E. and D.A. Scott. The Wetlands and Waterfowl of Iraq: Report on the Joint Expedition of the International Waterfowl Research Bureau and the University of Basrah, Iraq: 10th January to 3rd February, 1979. 1979. IWRB. p. 1-34.

77. Catsadorakis, G. and J. Alain. 2001. Nesting Habitat Characteristics and Breeding Performance of Dalmation Pelicans in Lake Mikri Prespa, NW Greece. Waterbirds, 24(3): p. 386-393.

78. Caughey, J.E. 1973. The spectrum of iodine malnutrition and suggested management. Studies in Iraq and Iran in the Tigris river basin. Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh), 179: p. 11-2.

79. Chapman, V.J. 1975. The Salinity Problem in General, Its Importance, and Distribution with Special Reference to Natural Halophytes. In Plants in Saline Environments, A.P.-M.a.J. Gale, Editor. Springer-Verlag: New York. p. 7-24.

80. Clevering, O.A. and W.M.G. vanGulik. 1997. Restoration of Scirpus lacustris and Scirpus maritimus stands in a former tidal area. Aquatic Botany, 55(4): p. 229-246.

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81. Coad, B.W. 1987. Zoogeography of the Freshwater Fishes of Iran. In Proceedings of the Symposium on the Fauna and Zoogeography of the Middle East, Mainz. - Beihefte zum Tubinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe A (Naturwissenschaften), F. Krupp, W. Schneider, and R. Kinzelbach, Editors: Wiesbaden. p. 213-228.

82. Coad, B.W. and L.A.J. Al-Hassan. 1989. Freshwater shark attacks in Basrah, Iraq. Zoology in the Middle East, ed. R. Kinzelbach and M. Kasparek. Vol. 3.

83. Commission, I.D. The Control of the Rivers of Iraq and the Utilization of Their Waters. Iraq Government, Directorate General of Irrigation.

84. Cruz, E.M. and M. Ridha. 1991. Production of the Tilapia Oreochromis-Spilurus Gunther Stocked at Different Densities in Sea Cages. Aquaculture, 99(1-2): p. 95-103.

85. Dames and Moore. 1983. Aquatic Biology Investigations.  Studies for Sabiya area, Kuwait Bay and development of electrical networks, Vol 1 and 2, Ministry of Electricity and Water Report. Government of Kuwait.

86. De Sherbinin, A. 1990. Spotlight: Iraq. Population Today, 18(10): p. 12.

87. Demarchi, M., et al. 1969. Prevalence and etiology of goiter in Iraq. Am J Clin Nutr, 22(12): p. 1660-6.

88. DouAbdul, A.A., et al. 1987. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish from the Arabian Gulf. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 38(3): p. 546-52.

89. Douabul, A.A., et al. 1988. Tigris-Euphrates Delta - a Major Source of Pesticides to the Shatt Al-Arab River (Iraq). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 17(3): p. 405-418.

90. Douabul, A.A.Z. 1984. Petroleum Residues in the Waters of the Shatt Al-Arab River and the Northwest Region of the Arabian Gulf. Environment International, 10(3): p. 265-267.

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91. Douabul, A.A.Z., et al. 1987. Restoration of Heavily Polluted Branches of the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Water Research, 21(8): p. 955-960.

92. Douabul, A.A.Z., et al. 1987. Organochlorine Pesticide-Residues in Fish from the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 38(4): p. 674-680.

93. Douabul, A.A.Z. and H.T. Alsaad. 1985. Seasonal-Variations of Oil Residues in Water of Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 24(3): p. 237-246.

94. Douabul, A.Z., H.T. Alsaad, and S.A. Darmoian. 1984. Distribution of Petroleum Residues in Surficial Sediments from Shatt Al-Arab River and the Northwest Region of the Arabian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 15(5): p. 198-200.

95. Drake, C. 1997. Water resource conflicts in the Middle East. Journal of Geography, 96(1): p. 4-12.

96. El-Gindy, M.S. 1965. Monthly prevalence rates of natural infection with schistosoma haematobium cercariae in Bulinus truncatus in central Iraq. Bull Endem Dis (Baghdad), 7(1): p. 11-31.

97. El-Kholy, F.H. 1952. Hydrology of the River Tigris. ed. D.G.o.I. Iraq Government. Ar-Rabita Press: Ar-Rabita Press.

98. Ertunc, A. 1999. The geological problems of the large dams constructed on the Euphrates River (Turkey). Engineering Geology, 51(3): p. 167-182.

99. Etienne, Y. and P.G. Nembrini. 1995. Establishing water and sanitation programmes in conflict situations: the case of Iraq during the Gulf War. Soz Praventivmed, 40(1): p. 18-26.

100. Fait, J.R. and J.M. Grizzle. 1993. Oral Toxicity of Rotenone for Common Carp. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 122: p. 302-304.

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101. Farid, A.M. and H. Sirriyeh. 1985. Israel & Arab Water. London: Ithaca Press.

102. Felker, P., et al. 1981. Salinity tolerance of the Tree Legumes: Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana, P. velutina and P. articulata), Algarrobo (P. chilensis), Kiawe (P. pallida), and Tamarugo (P. tamarugo) Grown in Sand Culture on Nitrogen-Free Media. Plant and Soil, 61: p. 311-317.

103. Fitzgerald, W.F. and T.W. Clarkson. 1991. Mercury and monomethylmercury: present and future concerns. Environ Health Perspect, 96: p. 159-66.

104. Georg, P.V. and C.D.W. Savage. 1970. Status of the Species of Waterfowl Occurring in Iraq. in Proc. Int. Regional Meeting on Conservation of Waterfowl Resources. Leningrad: Moscow.

105. Ghavamshahidi, Z. 1991. Evolution of the Shatt Al-Arab Boundary-Dispute - Schofield,Rn. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 23(3): p. 452-453.

106. Giegengack, R. 1984. The Nile River. In Water in the Middle East:  Conflict or Cooperation?, T. Naff and R. Matson, Editors. Westview Press: Boulder, CO.

107. Gophen, M. 2000. Nutrient and plant dynamics in Lake Agmon Wetlands (Hula Valley, Israel): a review with emphasis on Typha domingensis (1994-1999). Hydrobiologia, 441(1-3): p. 25-36.

108. Goren, M. 1974. The freshwater fishes of Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology, 23(67-118).

109. Graveland, J. 1997. Reed die-back, water level management and the decline of the great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus in the Netherlands. Ardea, 85(1): p. 187-201.

110. Green, A.J., et al. 2002. The conservation status of Moroccan wetlands with particular reference to waterbirds and to changes since 1978. Biological Conservation, 104: p. 71-82.

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111. Gruen, G.E. 2000. Turkish waters: Source of regional conflict or catalyst for peace? Water Air and Soil Pollution, 123(1-4): p. 565-579.

112. Hanaganu, J., G. Mihail, and H. Coops. 1990. Responses of ecotypes of Phragmites australis to increased seawater influence: a field study in the Danube Delta, Romania. Aquatic Botany, 64: p. 351-358.

113. Harvey, T.E., et al. 1988. The value of salt ponds for waterbirds in San Francisco Bay and considerations for future management. In Urban Wetlands, J.A. Kusler, S. Daly, and Brooks, Editors. Assoc. of State Wetland Managers: Berne, N.Y.

114. Hassan, A. 2003. Iraqi veterinarian and water buffalo specialist.

115. Hedlund, J.D. July 13-15, 1983. USDA Planning Process for Colorado River Basin Salinity Control. in Salinity in Watercourses and Reservoirs: Proceedings of the 1983 International Symposium on State-of-the-Art Control of Salinity. Salt Lake City, Utah: Boston, Mass.: Butterworth Publishers.

116. Heil, C.A., et al. 2001. First record of a fish-killing Gymnodinium sp bloom in Kuwait Bay, Arabian Sea: chronology and potential causes. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 214: p. 15-23.

117. Hirano, M. 1973. Freshwater algae from Mesopotamia. Contr. Bio. Lab. Kyoto Univ., 24: p. 105-119.

118. Inskip, M.J. and J.K. Piotrowski. 1985. Review of the health effects of methylmercury. J Appl Toxicol, 5(3): p. 113-33.

119. International Engineering Co., I. 1947. Report on Program for the Development of Iran. Morrison-Knudsen International Co., Inc.: San Francisco, CA.

120. Jaremin, B. 1986. Acute non-inflammatory chemical diarrhoeas among employees of Polish building enterprise in a tropical country. Bull Inst Marit Trop Med Gdynia, 37(3-4): p. 229-37.

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121. Joffe, A.H. 2000. The environmental legacy of Saddam Husayn: The archaeology of totalitarianism in modern Iraq. Crime, Law & Social Change, 33: p. 313-328.

122. Jones, R.F. and R. Washbourn. 1940. A contribution to the study of the fresh waters of Palestine.  Pt. IIThe Flora. Jour. Bot.: p. 144-153.

123. Jutila, H.M. 2002. Seed banks of river delta meadows on the west coast of Finland. Annales Botanici Fennici, 39(1): p. 49-61.

124. Kaygusuz, K. 1999. Energy and water potential of the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP). Energy Sources, 21(10): p. 913-922.

125. Kazantzis, G. 2002. Mercury exposure and early effects: an overview. Med Lav, 93(3): p. 139-47.

126. Keddy, P. 1999. Wetland restoration: The potential for assembly rules in the service of conservation. Wetlands, 19(4): p. 716-732.

127. Kentula, M.E. 1996. Wetland restoration and creation. In The National Water Summary on Wetland Resources, D.J. Fretwell, J.S. Williams, and P.J. Redman, Editors. U.S. Geological Survey: Washington, D.C. p. 87-92.

128. Kentula, M.E. 2000. Perspectives on setting success criteria for wetland restoration. Ecological Engineering, 15(3-4): p. 199-209.

129. Khalaf, S.H. and A.M. Muhammad. 1989. Studies on faecal streptococci in the river Tigris. Microbios, 57(231): p. 99-103.

130. Khalifa, K.A. 1985. Leeches on freshwater farmed fishes in Iraq. J Wildl Dis, 21(3): p. 312-3.

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131. Khalifa, K.A., K.M. Al-Khayat, and F.H. Al-Rijab. 1983. Ichthyophthiriasis in farmed fishes in Iraq. J Wildl Dis, 19(2): p. 145.

132. Kingsford, R.T. 1995. Ecological effects of river management in New South Wales. In Conserving biodiversity: Threats and Solutions, R.A. Bradstock, Auld, T. D., Keith, D. A., Kingsford, R. T., Lunney, D., Sivertsen, D. P., Editor. Surrey Beatty & Son: Sydney. p. 144-161.

133. Kingsford, R.T. 1995. Occurrence of high concentration of waterbirds in arid Austrailia. Journal of Arid Environments, 29: p. 421-425.

134. Kingsford, R.T. 1999. Free-flowing river: the ecology of the Paroo River. New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service: Sydney.

135. Kingsford, R.T. 1999. Impact of water diversions on colonially nesting waterbirds in the Macquarie Marshes in arid Australia. Colonial Waterbirds, 21: p. 159-170.

136. Kingsford, R.T. 2000. Ecological impacts of dams, water diversions and river management of floodplain wetlands in Australia. Austral Ecology, 25(109-127).

137. Kingsford, R.T. 2000. Protecting rivers in arid regions or pumping them dry? Hydrobiologia, 427: p. 1-11.

138. Kingsford, R.T. in press. Social, institutional and economic drivers for water resource development - a case study of the Murrumbridgee River, Australia. Aquatic Ecosystems Health and Management.

139. Kingsford, R.T., A. L. Curtin & J. L. Porter. 1999. Water flows on Cooper Creek determine "boom" and "bust" periods for waterbirds. Biological Conservation, 88: p. 231-248.

140. Kingsford, R.T., and Thomas, R. F. 1995. Macquarie Marshes and its waterbirds in arid Australia: a 50 year history of decline. Environmental Management, 19: p. 867-878.

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141. Kingsford, R.T.P., J. L. 1994. Waterbirds on an adjacent freshwater and salt lake in arid Australia. Biological Conservation, 69: p. 219-228.

142. Kolars, J.F. and W.A. Mitchell. 1991. The Euphrates River and the Southeast Anatolia Development Project. Southern Illinois University Press.

143. Krupp, F. 1983. Freshwater fishes of Saudi Arabia and adjacent regions of the Arabian Peninsula. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 5: p. 568-636.

144. Lafleur, P.M. 1990. Evapotranspiration from sedge-dominated wetland surfaces. Aquatic Botany, 37: p. 341-353.

145. Lonzarich, D.J. and J.J. Smith. 1997. Water chemistry and community structure of saline and hypersaline salt evaporation in ponds in San Francisco Bay, California. California Fish ad Game, 83(3): p. 89-104.

146. Lowdermilk, W.C. 1944. Palestine, land of promise. New York.

147. Menchikowsky, F. 1938. Water conditions of the soil and irrigation. Hadar, 12(5): p. 145-148.

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149. Naff, T. 1984. Water in the Middle East:  Conflict or Cooperation. Westview Press.

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